Determination of discrete element model parameters required for soil tillage

The dynamic interaction that occurs in the soil tillage process includes a high rate of plastic deformation and soil failure, characterized by flow of the soil particles. The discrete element method (DEM) seems to be a promising approach for constructing a high-fidelity model to describe soil–implement interaction. Proper prediction of this interaction using DEM depends upon the model parameters. However, there is no robust method for determining the parameters for discrete element models. In this study, the determination of parameters was based on in situ field tests, which consisted of sinkage tests performed with different penetration tools. Based on each test, a plot of force versus displacement, or a so-called “real curve,” was drawn. Discrete element models were built in correspondence with the field tests. “Simulation curve” plots were obtained from the results of the simulation of force versus displacement. In order to minimize the area difference between the real and simulation curves, an inverse solution technique using the Nelder–Mead algorithm of optimization was employed. The optimization results of this particular problem are sensitive to the initial estimate of the parameters. In order to achieve a unique solution, the initial estimate must be close enough to the proper value of the parameters. An energy method and elastic–plastic rule were developed to determine the initial estimation for the optimization process. The described methodology was verified experimentally and numerically; good correlation was achieved between the soil mechanical behavior obtained by experiments and the discrete element simulations.     

喷雾参数与飘移相关性分析

飘移是评价液体农药喷洒质量的重要指标。在影响喷雾飘移的因素中，喷头类型、喷头的大小(流量)和风速都有重要影响。分析它们对飘移的影响对于合理选择喷头和喷雾条件有重要意义。该文在试验的基础上，应用数学建模方法分析不同喷雾参数与飘移量之间的相关关系，并通过回归分析，确定它们对飘移量的作用程度，从而分离主要参数，为参数优化提供依据。研究结果说明，喷头类型、喷头大小和风速都对飘移有显著的影响，但作用强度不同，由强到弱依次为风速、喷头类型和大小。     

悬架杠杆比对油气弹簧阀系设计参数的影响

为了把握车辆悬架杠杆比对阀系设计参数的影响和变化规律，以便加快具有不同悬架杠杆比的油气弹簧阀系参数设计，文中利用油气弹簧节流阀片厚度和节流缝隙与悬架杠杆比之间的关系式，建立了杠杆比阀系参数影响系数。对杠杆比对阀片设计厚度和节流缝隙大小的影响进行了分析，并建立了阀系参数影响系数推算设计方法。通过实例，利用解析设计和影响系数推算设计方法，分别对阀系参数进行了设计，并对两种方法的设计值进行了比较，对设计油气弹簧进行了特性试验。参数设计和特性试验结果表明：在实际情况下，油气弹簧阀片设计厚度和节流缝隙与悬架杠杆比之间可线性化，杠杆比影响系数推算设计方法是准确可靠的，可加快油气弹簧开发设计速度。     

运输时间和温度对生猪应激和猪肉品质的影响

为了研究运输时间和温度对生猪应激及猪肉品质的影响,该文以三元杂交猪杜长大为研究对象,测定了运输前、运输3、6、9h以及运输温度-10~0℃、0~10℃、10~20℃、20~30℃等条件下生猪的血液生化指标、宰后猪肉p H值、肉色等指标。结果表明:运输6 h后三元猪出现应激反应,9 h以后应激反应显著增强(P0.05),运输6 h以上三元猪与运输3 h相比,宰后45 min p H值显著降低(P0.05),肉色分级显著升高(P0.05),肉品质降低;运输温度低于10℃时三元猪出现应激反应,-10~0℃时应激反应显著增强(P0.05),-10~0℃和20~30℃条件下宰后24 h p H值显著高于0~10℃和10~20℃(P0.05),肉品质降低。因此,为防止生猪运输应激及改善猪肉品质,生猪运输时间应小于6 h,运输温度为10~20℃。该研究结果对屠宰行业减少生猪应激提高猪肉品质提供参考。     

基于BP神经网络的土壤水力学参数预测

为了获取区域土壤水分和溶质运移模拟所需的土壤水力学参数,利用黄淮海平原曲周县的试验资料建立基于BP神经网络的土壤转换函数模型。本文采用土壤粒径分布、容重、有机质含量等土壤基本理化性质,来预测土壤饱和导水率Ks、饱和含水量sθ、残余含水量θr、以及van Genuchten公式参数α、n的对数形式ln(α)和ln(n),并与多元线性逐步回归方法进行比较。t检验结果表明,BP神经网络训练和预测得到的模拟值与实测值之间吻合很好,该方法具有较高的预测精度。通过对平均相对误差的比较,得出在粒径分布的基础上增加容重、有机质含量等输入项目,可以提高部分土壤水力学参数的预测精度,而有些参数的预测精度反而降低。以误差平方和为标准的比较结果表明,BP神经网络模型的预测效果总的来看要优于多元线性回归法。     

整体正交多项式法识别模态参数的改进

Richardson正交多项式法识别动力学参数已得到广泛应用，但其识别结果不是最小方差估计，立算法运算量大。研究提出了通过引入误差权函数来降低估计方差，对分子和分母采用相同的正交多项式基函数来降低算法复杂性和运算量的一种新算法。无噪声算例的估计结果验证了该算法的可行性；有噪声算例的识别结果表明，引入误差权函数可显著提高识别精度；权函数可通过迭代确定，采用原点导纳的虚部可降低迭代次数，甚至无须迭代。     

长白公猪精液性状遗传参数评估及采精月龄和季节因素分析

旨在估计华南地区长白种公猪精液性状遗传参数以及分析公猪采精月龄和季节对精液性状的影响,为合理制定种公猪育种方案提供理论依据。本研究采用Asreml-R对华南地区两个公猪站1 605头长白公猪107 221条精液数据进行统计分析,利用单性状重复力动物模型估计公猪精液各性状的方差组分、遗传力和重复力,利用两性状重复力动物模型对精液体积、精液密度、精子活力和精子畸形率等性状进行遗传相关和表型相关估计;利用R语言程序中的一般线性模型分析采精月龄和季节对精液性状的影响。结果表明,精液体积和精子畸形率属于中等遗传力（0.23和0.38）,其中精子畸形率的变异系数较大,为85.42%,其余性状都为低遗传力（0.07~0.19）;精液体积与精液密度以及精子活力与精子畸形率为极显著遗传负相关（-0.77和-0.90）;精液密度与精子活力呈极显著的遗传正相关（0.50）。采精月龄对精液性状影响显著（P<0.05）,在公猪达到性成熟后,精液体积呈显著上升趋势,精液密度和精子畸形率总体呈下降趋势,精子总数和有效精子数在13~18月龄组显著高于其他组（P<0.05）。在春季精液密度最高,精子总数和有效精子数在秋、冬季显著优于春、夏季（P<0.05）。综上,长白公猪精液体积和精子畸形率具有较大的选育潜力,可作为候选性状进行选择。在公猪生产管理方面,公猪36月龄后精液产量下降,考虑更新淘汰。公猪精液品质在秋、冬季显著优于春、夏季,在中国南方夏季应提前做好降温工作。     

Impact of thermal stress exposure on seminal quality,antioxidant defence system,TNF-α and TIMP-3 in Ossimi ram

Heat stress (HS) occupies huge importance nowadays as it leads to severe economic losses especially in livestock. Preserving sheep against HS is one of the governmental scopes where it represents huge percentage of global ruminant. The present research was conducted to study semen quality, some stress and inflammatory markers in Ossimi rams under both hot and mild climatic conditions. The current study was conducted on selected 46 ram samples divided into two groups during summer and winter. Semen analysis, testosterone (TES), cortisol (COR) and blood glucose (BG) levels, and lipid and protein profiles were done. Concentrations of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and specific activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assessed. The results in summer compared to winter revealed significant elevation of total defects and number of dead sperms; however, there was reduction in sperm total motility and concentration and external epididymal tail duct diameter. Histological study of epididymal tail lumen exhibited azoospermia. Further, TES, TIMP-3 and GSH levels were decreased and COR, TNF-α, NO and MDA were raised. Specific activities of GPx and SOD were also declined. Additionally, there was a significant increase in concentrations of BG and lipid profiles except high-density lipoprotein. Our data concluded that there were new insights into TNF-α and TIMP-3 as biomarkers can be used in diagnosis of sheep suffering from HS, but further studies are recommended to do in future work about such aspect.     

盐胁迫对小报春生长及生理特性的影响

为探讨小报春对盐(NaCl)胁迫的抗性及适应机制,采用盆栽法研究不同浓度的NaCl(0、50、100、150、200、250 mmol·L^-1)对小报春生长发育和生理特性的影响。结果表明:1)不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,小报春的生长呈现低促高抑的现象。随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,植株的株高、冠幅、叶面积、地上和地下干重以及叶片含水量显著降低,相对电导率显著提高。2)NaCl胁迫后,小报春植株叶片净光合速率(P_n)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS),以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均随NaCl浓度增加呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈持续升高趋势,说明植株的光合作用系统、细胞的渗透调节以及抗氧化酶系统对NaCl胁迫具有积极的响应策略。3)NaCl胁迫显著提高了小报春植株叶、叶柄、根中Na⁺的含量,根系中Na⁺含量的增幅最大;植株各器官中K⁺、Ca²⁺含量随着NaCl胁迫浓度增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且K⁺、Ca²⁺在叶片中保持较高的含量。综上所述,小报春具有一定的耐盐性,是盐渍土园林应用的潜力花卉。低浓度NaCl(50 mmol·L^-1)胁迫对其生长有促进作用,但NaCl浓度≥150 mmol·L^-1抑制其生长发育。